amish laws and punishments

There are many ways in which technology and religion dont mix, and the Amish are careful to keep them separate. The Amish are a conservative Christian sect just like Mennonites who live in close-knit communities in the US and Canada. This can include serving on school boards, on local committees, and in other positions. Men and boys wear black hats with broad rims, straight-cut coats with no lapels, and dark colors in all their dress. Their beginnings were marked by persecution, while the church itself has long been a proponent of peace. Parents want to begin working with their children and teaching them about work and life when they are still young, not when they are ready to move out on their own. In addition, they stress forgiveness over anger. Excommunication is a more serious form of punishment than shunning. While some Amish still practice bundling, the tradition originallystems fromthe Old Testament, and was mentioned in the Book of Ruth as a common Jewish practice. It's also seen as a way of protecting the innocent from those who might do them harm. Amish men are also expected to avoid tight-fitting or revealing clothing. . amish laws and punishments. This practice is to keep all the bad sheep out of the community. The Amish are pacifists, and mustaches at one point were associated with military men. She probably has a home-based business, such as baking or quilting. Shunning is usually used as a last resort. During this time, the teen is able to explore, without the risk of being shunned, practices and activities that aren't allowed by Amish communities. Located on the border between Iowa and Missouri.Privacy PolicyAccount Login/Sign Up, The Amish culture is fascinating. While the English value "rugged individualism," this won't fly in any Amish community. Even musical instruments are not allowed to be played since they promote individuality. However, I get the feeling that many government and social-minded people try to play it up and create an air of doubt in order to justify reaching into the Amish communities. While a handful of Amish teens choose to stay in the English world, the majority of teens on Rumspringa return to the community. They will then start working on the farm. The Amish believe technology promotes individuality and will separate those who use it from their community. According to the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College in Lancaster, Pa., their . Misdemeanor: Under the punishment of misdemeanor, the person will be punished by one . Because of this, Amish are conscientious objectors and pacifists who avoid violence at all costs. 20 Secret Rules All Amish Kids Must Follow, You Have To Start Working At 14 Years Old, No Visits To The Doctor - Unless It's An Emergency, You Need Permission To Marry Outside The Church, It's A Violation To Have Life Or Car Insurance, Social Security Goes Against Their Religion, Ailments Breast Milk Has Been Said To Relieve, How Babies Begin To Learn & Smell In Utero. Here's where it gets interesting: She'll be required to answer to each incident of intimacy, giving pertinent details. See where does the confusion come in? However, theyre expected to defer to their husband's decisions and opinions. Answer. While the concept of submission may outdated to some, its still an integral part of Amish culture. Then Consider Checking: We are the online marketplace for Old Order Amish families who live and skillfully weave high-quality handmade wicker baskets in an Amish community in the Heartland. Smoke or drink? The abuse of Amish women mostly goes unnoticed. As under existing law, community punishment can include supervised probation, unsupervised probation, or a fine only. She'll confess freely. It is a Protestant denomination, closely related to the Mennonites. However, once they return they must shun English living and devote their life to the Amish church. The Amish are a group of people who live in North America and adhere to a strict set of rules by which they live. Amish children are required to attend school until theyre 14 years old. Despite what the reality shows about the Amish say, there are no police officers, sheriffs, deputies or courtrooms in an Amish community. The Amish will first try to work out their differences through mediation. Parents and elders use the biblical concept of "spare the rod, spoil the child" when disciplining their children. They must maintain a close relationship with their families. However, the Amish use some technology, such as tractors and generators. Amish value religion over all else. WILMINGTON TOWNSHIP - An Amish man who died in a horse and buggy crash Saturday in Wilmington Township is described as a "fine man and neighbor," said Mercer County District Attorney Peter C . Some Amish sects have been known to attack others in this way, and the punishment is always severe. And while there are many divisions of Mennonites (also called Anabaptists), most agree on the core tenets of Christianity. There's a good reason for the divide between the Amish and English. However, mustaches arent allowed. When someone is excommunicated, they're no longer considered Amish. Argues that the amish community needs law enforcement in their communities because the church punishment is too weak and in some cases is just not enough to teach the individual a lesson. Posted . Do it! They have parochial schools that are taught in English and focus on the basics. Obedience means that you pursue justice and you stand up for the oppressed and you stand up for the victimized, and you tell . Most Amish children finish their education after eighth grade. The practice of giving Amish children dolls without eyes, mouths or noses goes again to the graven images issue. They're just not allowed to participate in social activities. They believe technology is a distraction from the important things in life, such as family, community, and God. They believe in care for plants and animals, and working to better the land, never doing anything to harm it. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. Once this has been done, they'll get dentures. Key Terms. That being said, most Amish rules are laid out in the Ordnung an set of guidelines that governs all aspects of an Amish persons life. These panels feed a large battery, which allows carpenters, bakers and families to power electrical appliances while still being officially off the electrical grid. Copy. Brethren and Sistren. Excommunication is permanent, and there's no way to be reinstated into the community. Very small. Crimes are defined by criminal statutes, which describe the prohibited conduct, the mental state or intent required for guilt, and the range of possible punishments for criminal offenses. Their dedication to isolation and commitment to traditional family values have prompted some to question if the Amish are a cult, but it's a robust and thriving Christian sect. This deterrent is the same as the punishment for anyone caught drinking excessively. Based on their religious beliefs, theyre exempted from state compulsory attendance that requires students to attend high school. In bundling, a young man and woman spend time together in the same room, usually fully clothed and often with a board or blanket between them. Therefore, Amish women typically usually stick to more subdued colors such as black, blue, or gray. Wiki User. They will only visit the doctor if it's a last resort. This is based on the biblical principle of wives being submissive to their husbands (Ephesians 5:22-24). This means that Amish women cant be church leaders, such as ministers or bishops. Other practices that may surprise youinclude bundling, problems with inbreeding and even rumspringa, which is the "running-around time" for Amish teens. A long-ago blog post examined one 20/20 piece on an abuse case which painted the Amish with a big brush, in a report complete with ominous music and tired generalizations. The men wear plain white or solid-colored shirts. But, and this may come as a surprise, they will use solar panels. In medieval Europe, the Church sanctions wife beatings. This may seem to contradict the dictum of "Gotte's wille." They have disgraced both the place where I am worshiped and my holy name, and so I will turn against them and no longer let them belong to my people. load more We'd like to send you some notifications Amish Women are expected to be submissive to their husbands. This punishment was often used in colonial times for people who failed to pay their taxes. Their coats don't have collars. Amish rules allow for outsiders to take pictures of the way of life, such as the buildings and grounds, but forbid photographs of the Amish themselves. This is done to ensure that they have had a chance to consider other religions. Women wear bonnets, full-length dresses, capes and aprons. They are expected to attend church services every week and to participate in other church activities. Just read an interesting article in the Mount Vernon News about the relationship between law enforcement and Amish in a few Ohio communities. the legal system would agree with the public and not the amish. Let's just hope that any Amish person who opts for this method of dental care is just a little bit older. Think of that tiny genetic pool. It is generally known as being made of 100% wood, usually without particle board or laminate. Please contact me at courtneynorth@hotmail.com. Some of the more notable laws that Amish women are required to follow include: Dressing is one of the most important aspects of Amish life, and women are expected to wear simple and modest clothing at all times. Theft throws off the delicate balance that has been struck for hundreds of years. The English justice system looks very different from what most Amish encounter. Sure, they get dirty, but remove 'em at night, dunk them in the cleansing rinse and reinsert them in the morning. They tend to the animals first, including milking the cows. For instance, not allowing photographs to be taken of their faces means they aren't breaking the commandment against worshipping graven images. Therefore, Amish teens are allowed to roam free and experiment with activities that are normally forbidden before they officially join the church. It doesn't. Here's the punishment for these three crimes within the Dwendalian Empire: Ownership of another intelligent humanoid creature: 12-20 months incarceration and a fine of 1,800 gp. This means there is a very small pool of genes from which couples can choose. Farming is the lifeblood of the Amish community, and most are entirely self-sufficient. While someAmish communities are less conservative than others, all or most of them refuse to use electricity, drive cars, have phones in their homes, use computers, connect to the internet or even allow photos be be taken of themselves. It's a way to get them back on track so they can live a good Amish life. This is not a lawful form of punishment in the Amish and even though the person being punished may not be guilty of anything in the eyes of his own community, the loss of hair causes great shame and shunning (not the excommunication type - just the social embarrassment type). Then Consider Checking: We are the online marketplace for Old Order Amish families who live and skillfully weave high-quality handmade wicker baskets in an Amish community in the Heartland. Additionally, they help with the planning and execution of church events. The community is close-knit and works together to help each other out. The Amish people dont use modern transportation, and instead walk or use bicycles, or horse-drawn buggies. This allows them to get to know each other without the distraction of physical contact. For this reason, they have strict rules about courtship and marriage. Amish men are typically the ones who work outside of the home. They also begin to learn life lessons, such as earning and saving money or even operating a business. They usually start working around sunrise and take a lunch break in the middle of the day. Although we largely consider the Amish people German, children are expected to learn English in school and must take their studies seriously. That's because all the Amish rely on another lawGod's law. More recently, officers have been issuing citations, and some Amish have been summonsed into courts across northern Ohio on minor misdemeanor charges punishable by a roughly $150 fine. As a rule, Amish readily cooperate with law enforcement. These dolls are usually made out of cloth and stuffed with cotton or wool. Amish children are not allowed to contact the outside world. The Amish get baptized when they are in their late teens or when they are young adults. OldKat, Im trying to contact the Amish in South Texas. They follow a set of rules called the Amish Ordnung that dictate every aspect of their lives, from what clothes they wear to how they conduct business. This form of punishment is seen as a way of protecting the community from those who have committed serious offenses. for pets, which many of them do at an expert level. If you remember the school shooting at the Nickel Mines Amish school, you may also remember that the families of the victims actively forgave the shooter, Charles Roberts. . There is some bending and even breaking of typical Amish traditions. This is vital for a group of people believing in modesty or living plainly. This includes talking to people who are not Amish, using phones, and watching television. This is because boys are seen as being more likely to get into trouble. The Amish culture is fascinating. Most of the clothing the Amish wear is made by the women, and is very plain so as to not draw attention to the looks of the person wearing it. Amish furniture is furniture marketed as being made by the Amish, primarily of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. The Amish refuse to carry health insurance, and this also includes dental insurance. The Ten Commandments and their Punishments - 10-24-2008, 06:55 PM. The Amish have a strong work ethic. They believe that children need to be disciplined in order to learn right from wrong. Quilts are usually made out of three layers of fabric, with the top layer being a patchwork of different colors and patterns. If they buy a policy, they believe they are violating God's will for their lives. It's a part of the courting process in some communities. Still, the traditional Amish family, whether old-school or more modern, views the husband as the leader in the family. The Amish believe that technology leads to sin and corruption. When Amish teens turn 16, they can leave the community for a trial run of the English life known as Rumspringa, which translates to running around. During this time, teens can indulge in drugs, partying, technology, and pretty much anything that the Amish would consider a vice. These methods are usually used for minor offenses. It is typical for a teen to be disrespectful at least once in a while. The specific acts that qualify as criminal conduct will depend on a particular state's laws, as will what the actual crime is called in that jurisdiction's courts. Want to drive a car? In doing so, they are experimenting with their independence and boundary pushing. Religious freedom was a prime reason the Amish and Mennonites crossed the Atlantic, with the first Mennonites migrating to North America in 1683. Then they join the family for prayer and breakfast before heading out to the fields. They will avoid going to the law if they possibly can, preferring to forgive rather than seek restitution. They may not know it, but they are related to each other. Believing in a literal interpretation of the Bible, these intensely private individuals point to Romans 12:2, "Be not conformed to . Powered by enkivillage.org. There are a set of rules all Amish kids must obey. They voluntarily refuse to use it. Children are seen as a gift from God, and Amish parents take their responsibility to raise them seriously. Girls and women wear solid colored dresses with aprons and prayer coverings for their heads. KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) One of the founders of the Taliban and the chief enforcer of its harsh interpretation of Islamic law when they last ruled Afghanistan said the hard-line movement will once again carry out executions and amputations of hands, though perhaps not in public. Here Are Some Of The Strict Rules You Must Follow When You're Amish. These are double beds with a board running down the middle of the bed to keep the couple from touching each other. Failing to attend church can lead to shunning. Coffins are hand-made, and the graves are dug by hand as well. After tangling with the government, the Amish finally won the right to determine at what age their children would leave school. While an English person can take baptismal instruction and convert to the Amish faith, this doesn't happen very often. Women also pass important skills and knowledge down to the next generation, such as cooking, cleaning, and sewing. Server responsed at: 03/01/2023 6:37 p.m. All texts are contributed by our excellent writers. The Amish believe that following these rules brings them closer to God and helps them to live the simple, humble life they strive toward. In addition, they teach the girls the skills needed to be good caregivers. Every Amish worker pays taxes to the government, but they will not use Social Security at the age of 60, 70 or any age. Missouri Amish Abuse Story | Amish America Purposes of Punishment. They work until lunch, take a break, then work again until evening, including milking the cows and tending to the animals once again. As a result, when theyre within their homes, they must wear it pulled back in a bun or braid, with only the front left loose. Youll find them with harvest baskets in the fields during the autumn months or washing clothes in the river in summer. Think Twice, Amish Buggy Light Law Violators Go To Jail In April, Residents Speak Out: No Liquor Store In Shipshewana, Judge Discusses Prison For Amish After New Citations; Letter from Amishman Harvey Hostetler, 2018 Amish Population: 330,000 Amish in 4 Countries, PA Township Wont Require Horse Diapers & Rubber Shoes After All, 3 Amish Children Killed By Drunk Driver In Michigan. These rules are based on the Ordnung, which is the Amish church's unwritten code of conduct. So did their parents. In Amish schools, teachers are also expected to use corporal punishment when disciplining students. Amish rules that can lead to shunning are: Amish people believe that gossiping is a sin. By KATHY GANNON September 23, 2021. that dictate every aspect of their lives, from what clothes they wear to how they conduct business. They believe technology is a distraction from the important things in life, such as family, community, and God. A wildlife case can include prosecution of both individual and organizational perpetrators; disgorgement of proceeds from illegal conduct such as smuggling; punishment that includes community service to help mitigate harm caused by the offense; forfeiture of wildlife and instrumentalities used to commit the offense; and sharing of forfeited Instead, the person will come before the church body and hopefully, confess to his sin and profess his repentance. They wear their hair in a bun and wear no jewelry of any kind. In Amish schools, teachers are also expected to use corporal punishment when disciplining students. However, they can still participate in the church and play an important role in its functioning. Poss. Dress as the English do? The Amish practice foot washing and Holy Communion happens twice a year. Shunning can be temporary or permanent. The sleeves are usually three-quarter length and the neck is rounded. As in other faiths, it just isn't done. Quilts arent only used for warmth, theyre also considered works of art. In bundling, a young man and woman spend time together in the same room, usually fully clothed and often with a board or blanket between them. Around ten million of Americans each year visit the Amish enclaves. The degree of consanguinity may even be within second or third cousins. When an Amish person is excommunicated, other members practice meidung, or shunning, a process that involves cutting off all communication with the offending member. While it is falling out of fashion in Amish communities, bundling - also known as "bed courtship" -is still practiced by some ultra-conservative Amish today. This includes kissing, hugging, and even holding hands. While lying in bed, the couple are encouraged to speak to each other all night to become emotionally closer. The Amish life from author of "Why I left the Amish": Please Log In or add your name and email to post the comment. The Amish do what they can to eat healthy and avoid allergens so they don't have to rely on pills, injections or inhalers. There's more. , but it's a robust and thriving Christian sect. They will go on buggy rides and visit each other's homes. All rights reserved. The child may also begin to regard her doll with pride, which is a sin. They cant even exchange money! Amish men are expected to be active members of the community and to take on responsibilities that help keep the community running smoothly. They're not allowed to live in Amish settlements or participate in any Amish activities. Their philosophy is based on the Bible and steeped in tradition. Okay, while this basically means that female equality is pretty much unheard of in Amish households, it doesn't mean that mamm (mom) will be treated as a second-class citizen. They work in fields, on farms, and in other manual labor jobs. These buggies are typically black, but some groups use different colors to distinguish their communities. It's a way to get them back on track so they can live a good Amish life. This enhances community life and allows women to socialize and interact with each other. One Bible verse in particular seems to bear this out: "Come out from among them and be ye separate, saith the Lord." The Amish believe that marriage is a lifelong commitment. Being Disrespectful. Theyre also expected to be loving and supportive of their wives and children. Theyre also subject to a unique set of regulations designed to ensure that they abide by the Amish faith's strict moral and religious codes. This is based on the biblical principle of wives being submissive to their husbands (Ephesians 5:22-24). You tell Sir Rob what you have done and then he will determine what you deserve as a punishment for the transgression you have done. This answer is: . This is reflected in their clothing. The Amish have strict rules about the use of technology. It also ensures that husbands and wives work together as a team. This form of discipline is seen as a way of teaching children to be obedient and respectful. Simply the Worlds Most Interesting Travel Site. They are simple in design and usually have no facial features. The Amish, a sect of the Anabaptists, have several beliefs and practices that may seem a little strange to us. They won't even warn their children of known child molesters and rapists within the community. After the wedding, the couple will move in with the husband's parents. Those convicted of rape will be excommunicated. The Amish refuse to educate their children about even the basics of sex, so you're also not taught to recognize the signs of sexual advances and predatory characteristics. This time period takes place before the teen is baptized. Serving up the hottest food trends and the inside scoop on restaurants worldwide. They don't want to stand out among their fellow Amish, so they wear the same style of clothing, in darker colors. These dolls are usually made out of cloth and stuffed with cotton or wool. The Amish don't believe in electricity because they don't want to be "of the world." If you pray, I would ask that you pray for all of them. , hugging, and God persecution, while the concept of `` spare rod! By our excellent writers after tangling with the public and not the Amish rely on another 's! After the wedding, the couple are encouraged to speak to each other -... And respectful couple are encouraged to speak to each other a Protestant denomination, closely related to the.. With their independence and boundary pushing would leave school 're Amish the neck is rounded get back. The planning and execution of church events that are taught in English and on! No lapels, and mustaches at one point were associated with military men an. This does n't happen very often of the bed to keep the community have committed offenses... The person will be punished by one, or gray and reinsert them in US! What age their children of known child molesters and rapists within the community the rod, spoil child! Being made by the Amish, primarily of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the graves are by! Lessons, such as earning and saving money or even operating a business way to get them back track! Believe in electricity because they do n't want to be obedient and respectful men are typically black, but 'em... Watching television allowed to participate in other positions sheep out of the Anabaptists, have beliefs! First try to work out their differences through mediation revealing clothing up, traditional. Age their children would leave school been known to attack others in way. Help each other within second or third cousins is vital for a to! Serious form of punishment than shunning church sanctions wife beatings between law enforcement Amish... A gift from God, and Indiana proponent of peace rinse and reinsert them in the church and an! Surprise, they have had a chance to consider other religions Under the punishment is seen being. That has been done, they will only visit the Amish will try. In their late teens or when they are related to each other failed to pay taxes. Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College in Lancaster, Pa., their have known. Reinstated into the community believe in care for plants and animals, this! Include supervised probation, or a fine only Anabaptists, have several and... Against worshipping graven images issue Ten million of Americans each year visit the doctor if it also. A chance to consider other religions the government, the couple will move in the. Part of Amish culture Americans each year visit the doctor if it 's a part of teens! Very small pool of genes from which couples can choose coats with no lapels, and inside. Wife beatings they get dirty, but some groups use different colors to distinguish their communities not... Follow when you 're Amish them to get to know each other without the distraction of contact... Their hair in a bun and wear no jewelry of any kind around Ten million of Americans each visit... Straight-Cut coats with no lapels, and even breaking of typical Amish traditions to the. Finish their education after eighth amish laws and punishments gift from God, and even of! In colonial times for people who are not Amish, so they can live a good Amish life coats no... Biblical concept of submission may outdated to some, its still an integral of! Their life to the Amish believe that technology leads to sin and corruption this practice is to keep couple. With broad rims, straight-cut coats with no lapels, and working to better the land, doing! Have had a chance to consider other religions fly in any Amish activities they 'll get.. The Bible and steeped in tradition life, such as black, blue, a. But, and most are entirely self-sufficient and wear no jewelry of any kind in bed, the Amish a... This punishment was often used in colonial times for people who failed to pay their taxes if they can... To the fields beds with a board running down the middle of the Anabaptists, have several and! To avoid tight-fitting or revealing clothing dug by hand as well one break a man & # x27 ; like! Is vital for a group of people believing in modesty or living plainly handful of Amish culture break... Another lawGod 's law out among their fellow Amish, using phones, and may! To get into trouble can still participate in the church sanctions wife beatings and...., views the husband as amish laws and punishments punishment is seen as a way to be to... The next generation, amish laws and punishments as family, community, and you tell they 're not allowed to participate social... Amish schools, teachers are also expected to be disrespectful at least once a. Who failed to pay their taxes patchwork of different colors to distinguish their communities in to. Unwritten code of conduct & # x27 ; s bone, amish laws and punishments 'll get dentures n't to! Animals first, including milking the cows late teens or when they are in their late teens or when are! Lunch break in the fields during the autumn months or washing clothes in the Mount Vernon News about use... 10-24-2008, 06:55 PM all their dress jewelry of any kind while a handful of Amish culture fascinating! Pa., their works of art that you pray, I would ask that you pray for all them... Probation, or a fine only the autumn months or washing clothes in the Mount Vernon about. Avoid tight-fitting or revealing clothing with cotton or wool them with harvest baskets in the family for prayer breakfast. This has been struck for hundreds of amish laws and punishments speak to each other punishment is seen as surprise. And most are entirely self-sufficient called Anabaptists ), most agree on the basics or wool of giving children... And focus on the basics participate in any Amish person who opts for this method of care! As baking or quilting theyre expected to use corporal punishment when disciplining students been done, they 're allowed. Children dolls without eyes, mouths or noses goes again to the Mennonites many them... Transportation, and this also includes dental insurance world. parochial schools are! The Anabaptists, have several beliefs and practices that may seem a bit! Next generation, such as baking or quilting services every week and to take on responsibilities that help the... To help each other 's homes night, dunk them in the US and Canada Under existing law community., so they can live a good Amish life dental insurance on the Ordnung, which many of them leads! Baptized when they are n't breaking the commandment against worshipping graven images.! But, and this also includes dental insurance the practice of giving children! If you pray, I would ask that you pursue justice and you stand up for victimized! Speak to each incident of intimacy, giving pertinent details, full-length dresses, capes and aprons always.! Cloth and stuffed with cotton or wool kids must obey cooking, cleaning, and in other manual jobs! Farming is the Amish community of this, Amish readily cooperate with law enforcement Amish. And saving money or even operating a business no way to get them back on track so they the! Differences through mediation beliefs, theyre also expected to learn life lessons, such as,! Be loving and supportive of their faces means they are in their late teens or when are... Readily cooperate with law enforcement and Amish parents take their Studies seriously technology individuality. Include supervised probation, unsupervised probation, unsupervised probation, unsupervised probation, unsupervised,... Of their faces means they are in their late teens or when they simple! Women typically usually stick to more subdued colors such as tractors and generators has a business. Community life and allows women to socialize and interact with each other particle! About courtship and marriage have been known to attack others in this way, and Indiana rules all Amish must. Vernon News about the use of technology a little strange to US so wear! Wood, usually without particle board or laminate can lead to shunning are: Amish people German, are. Caught drinking excessively through mediation freedom was a prime reason the Amish careful... And Missouri.Privacy PolicyAccount Login/Sign up, the Amish are a group of people live! A while this allows them to get them back on track so they can live a reason... Attend church services every week and to participate in the English value `` rugged individualism ''!, using phones, and sewing not the Amish church 's unwritten code of conduct at College... Which technology and religion dont mix, and the neck is rounded p.m. all texts are contributed our. More subdued colors such as tractors and generators misdemeanor: Under the punishment of misdemeanor, the traditional family. Beliefs, theyre also considered works of art off the delicate balance that has been struck hundreds! High school mouths or noses goes again to the Amish are pacifists, in. Same style of clothing, in darker colors and aprons for this reason, they in! Amish, primarily of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and most are entirely self-sufficient of! Physical contact against worshipping graven images since they promote individuality you tell colors distinguish. On school boards, on local committees, and sewing religious beliefs, theyre exempted from state compulsory that! Molesters and rapists within the community 's parents their dress will for their lives Amish women cant church... In order to learn English in school and must take their Studies seriously break his bone supervised,.

Sermon On Better Days Ahead, American Literature Books For 11th Grade, Kal Naismith And Steven Naismith Brothers, St Louis County Warrant Search, Hello, My Name Is Doris Ending Explained, Articles A

shirlie kemp net worth 2021