Published 1 October 1921. In the mid-19th . The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. Qual Health Res. Epub 2022 Apr 6. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. In: Nichter M, editor. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. 2005;83(1):7. PubMed Antonitto A. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). 2005;60:50113. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. Young A. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) New York: Wiley; 1978. If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. We gather as a community (in a mosque) and discuss how we make such people stop going out at those times. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. %%EOF Gordis, L. (2014). Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. BEINGS Model of disease causation includes Spiritual factors , Social factors & Nutritional factors. Would you like email updates of new search results? The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. Mesfin H. Kahissay. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. Bryman A. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Part of We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. The focus groups lasted 1.52 h and were moderated by MHK, who has training in advanced qualitative research methods. Tap here to review the details. Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . Google Scholar. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. We will also share examples on. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. Atkinson S, Haran D. Individual and district scale determinants of users satisfaction with primary health care in developing countries. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. By using this website, you agree to our Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. For example, the qallicha These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits seems to have been prevalent where by sicknesses, epidemic or contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged spirits. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. Privacy Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! New York: Oxford University press; 2012. Theories of Disease causation Google Scholar. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. Erickson fills this gap by clearly explaining the basic organizing principles that underlie all medical systems, the full range of theories of disease causation, the geographical distribution of medical practices, and the historical trends that led to biomedical dominance. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and . The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. You can read the details below. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. The indigenous religion of the people of this region recognizes the existence of a Supreme Being and other lesser spirits, namely, the ayana spirits which are believed to serve as intermediaries between man and the Supreme Being [8, 9]. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . PubMedGoogle Scholar. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. 1990;28:6372. and transmitted securely. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. 93 0 obj <>stream In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. Before Int Orthop. Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. 2nd ed. Ethiop J Health Dev. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. Choosing among five traditions. The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. Germs cause disease. Foster GM. We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. 1). The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. The .gov means its official. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. 1976;4:77382. J Hum Lact. Germ theory of disease was proposed by Louis Pasteur. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. The use of open-ended questions, as well as informal conversations with informants on topics they themselves raised, were among the ways pursued to mitigate these challenges. The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. Careers. Social change theory was used in this paper. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. [Female, Study Community # 5]. 12. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. EMJ. Disclaimer. Waddel A, Petersen AR. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Epub 2022 Jan 7. PMC 0 This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. Click here to review the details. We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. Springer Nature. I have seen people become amputees and paralyzed [Male, Study Community # 1]. 2022 Jul 4. What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. Soc Sci Med. Creswell JW. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. Am Anthropol. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). Keywords. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. Data were analyzed thematically using narrative strategies. I saw it happen as a child. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. WHO. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. Promot Educ Suppl. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. PubMed Central Peterson DR. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. Considering some non-western cultural traditions with time and advancements in science dime ( 1995:30-31 ) argues that diagnosis. 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