To request access reinstatement, contact us at helpdesk@bioone.org. The volcanic flow melted the glaciers in the mountain sending devastating lahars concentrated with volcanic debris of ice, snow, and mud. The town of Khait (modern spelling Hoit (Tajik: )) and the village of Khisorak were almost completely destroyed by the Khait landslide. Next in terms of significance are mudflows and landslides for mountainous parts and floods for flatlands. Heavy rainfall had been previously recorded in the region which had also led to flash floods, but the devastation produced in 2013 was comparable to no earlier data. The estimated volume for this landslide is about 75 MCM. Communities are urged to examine their costs of landslide damage and to evaluate the feasibility of several alternative programs that, for a modest investment, could significantly reduce these losses. Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide, blasting rock debris northward. Losses from landslides in the United States were estimated in 1980 to exceed $1 billion per year. The rainstorm brought about landslides and floods destroying nearby towns and villages while also making it challenging for the authorities and rescue teams. For the Khait landslide itself they conclude that about 800 fatalities is probably a reasonable estimate note that this very considerably less than earlier estimates. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Approximately 4000 people were killed in the Yasman valley loess flow as 20 villages (kishlaks) were overwhelmed. Most Expensive Home Insurance Claims Claims for water damage and freezing are the third most-costly type of home insurance claim. Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. Landslide is capable of locking onto and attacking invisible enemies (e.g. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. Copyright 2023. For the Yasman Valley flowslide they estimate about 4,000 fatalities, and they determine that there were probably a further 2,400 deaths. Why is it important to carry out a porosity test before perming? Landslide, Mudslide, Mudflow & Insurance Coverage Earthquake coverage is generally available as a supplemental coverage to your standard homeowners, renters or business policy. (2009). Another dam in the nearby Lake Jircacocha was also broken by the flowing glacial water, resulting in the furious waters of both of the two lakes emptying themselves onto the city of Huaraz, claiming more than 5,000 lives in the process. In general, goals and objectives of surveys were received well by our partners. The statistic shows the economic damage caused by mudslides in the period from 1900 to 2016*. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit . All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Haiyuan Landslides, China, 1920 - 200,000 deaths, Vargas Tragedy, Venezuela, 1999 - 30,000 deaths, Khait Landslides, Tajikistan, 1949 - 28,000 deaths, Armero Tragedy, Colombia, 1985 - 20,000 to 23,000 deaths, Yungay Landslide, Peru, 1970 - 22,000 deaths, Diexi Landslides, China, 1933 - 9,300 deaths, North India Landslides, India, 2013 - 5,700 to 6,054 deaths, Huaraz Debris Flow, Peru, 1941 - 5,000 deaths, Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 - 4,500 deaths, Vajont Dam Landslide, Italy, 1963 - 2,500 deaths, Kelud Lahars Landslide, Indonesia, 1919 - 200 deaths. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Can major landslides and debris flows happen in all areas of the U.S.? Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows. Can be cast while in mid-air. Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)), 8. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Date: 1949: Source: USGS Earthquake information bulletin 20 : Author: R.L. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. [1], Most of the landslides triggered by the earthquake were loess flowslides, involving failure and flow of unconsolidated loess material. Sierra Leone Mudslides. . Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. If the costs were available for the damages from landslides in Los Angeles in 1977-78 and 1979-80, the annual per capita costs probably would be much larger. This flow continued down the valley floor for more than another 4,000 m, despite the relatively low slope (3.6). Regular readers will know that one of my interests lies in trying to get a better understanding of the loss of life associated with landslides. The consequences were disastrous with the forming of an inland tidal wave, the force of the fall was so terrible that the atomic bomb type of powerful gust of air crushed the city of Longarone with only 30 children managing to survive. . [3], The main shock was preceded by two foreshocks (M5.1 and M5.6) on 8 July, just 12 minutes apart. A key realisation of this work for me has been that earthquake-triggered slides cause a very substantial proportional (probably in fact the majority) of fatalities is mass movement events. Landslides can be caused by natural or human events. The July 11, 1999, Davis-Weber Canal break in Riverdale damaged over 75 homes, 15 to 20 of them . Unfortunately our understanding of seismically-driven landslides, and their impacts, remains poor, certainly in comparison with rainfall induced slides. 2009) re-examining the 1960 Huascaran rock avalanche in Peru. [1] It is also unclear whether these figures refer to all those killed as a result of the earthquake, or only those caused by the Khait landslide. 2 Comments/Trackbacks , Your email address will not be published. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan Mountains, central Tajikistan. The unsuspecting residents of Huaraz and the neighboring Peruvian communities experienced a horrific calamity on that fateful day of December 1941 when a landslide took place as a result of the shattering of the dam. It is believed that floodwaters had no outlets this time, as most of the routes taken by the water previously were now blocked by sand and rocks. The term landslide actually has two meanings. An article in press in the journal Engineering Geology, by Steve Evans and colleagues (Evans et al. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The lahars soon engulfed the town of Armero, killing thousands there, while casualties were also reported in such other towns as Chinchin. The dam then overtopped, causing a flood and 2,500 deaths. Damm 2013).Most landslide databases store data sets on landslide location and thus provide functionality for landslide susceptibility modeling (cf. What main factors cause landslides and floods? [3] There are no official contemporary records as information about major disasters was suppressed during Stalin's leadership. Kneale, 1985. . Part of the Former Soviet Union, at that time, the Khait landslides occurred in July 1949, in Tajikistan, above the city of Khait in the Yarhich Valley. How did the landslide trigger the eruption of Mt St Helens? What are the different types of landslide hazard maps? When newly built in 1963, the Vajont Dam in Italy was the tallest in the world but building the dam proved fatal as it activated strong seismic activity. Site. By looking at contempory reports of the population of the Khait area and census data on settlement size and population density they reject earlier estimates of the loss of life. One of the deadliest eruptions of this volcano occurred on May 19, 1919, when over 38 million cubic meters of water were expelled from the crater lake of the volcano, which had accumulated large amounts of sediment and volcanic material to form lethal lahars. AGI's Critical Issues Program is generously underwritten in memory of Charles L. Weiner. The 1949 Khait (Hoit) earthquake (Russian: 1949 ; Tajik: 1949) occurred at 09:45 local time (03:53 UTC) on 10 July in the Gharm Oblast region of the Tajik SSR of the Soviet Union (within the modern boundary of Tajikistan). Ground Shaking & Structural Failure Killing an enemy with this ability is counted as a Melee Kill. Most homeowners insurance policies do not cover damage from expansive soils. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. It is difficult to estimate the monetary costs of landslides because they can include both direct and indirect costs. More recently, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $2 billion and $4 billion per year. "The Tragedy of Khait: A Natural Disaster in Tajikistan", 10.1659/0276-4741(2000)021[0091:TTOKAN]2.0.CO;2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khait_landslide&oldid=1140272511, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 09:01. In May of 1970, an earthquake triggered a massive series of landslides and avalanches of rock and snow that buried the towns of Yungay and Ranrahirca. The current lack of relevant tools to assess a complex and ever-changing environment in these cross-border areas does not allow an effective assessment of risks and planning for natural disaster mitigation. Buildings can crumble or collapse, trapping people inside and burying streets in rubble. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union. Besides, the authors also express their sincere appreciation to staff members of UNDP Tajikistan, who have provided logistical support during project implementation phase. The natural calamity which struck the rural district of Haiyuan on the evening of December 16, 1920 claimed over 100,000 lives, and severely damaged an area of approximately 20,000 square kilometers. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Vargas Tragedy, Vargas, Venezuela, December 1999 (30,000 deaths), 1. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. Landslide damages are one of the most costly natural disasters in the United States. The 1978 Tabas earthquake occurred on September 16 at 19:05:55 local time in central Iran. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; the local modern spelling is Hoit (Tajik: ). Wesson (USGS) Licensing . American Geosciences Institute. Gansu Landslide. These include ground shaking, landslides, liquefaction, and in some areas, tsunamis. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. One of the landslides buried an entire village in Xiji County as well. Photo credit: FEMA News. 1949, Khait, Tajikstan. It ended up carrying 50-100 million cubic meters of water, mud, and rocks, which reached the village of Yungay and smothered all life forms therein under its deadly cover. There was one more such subsequent eruption at Mount Kelud in 1966, that took more than 200 lives. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ).. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS About 40 million cubic meters of water exploded from the crater lake with lots of volcanic material, ash, and sediment to form dangerous lahars. Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait Earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life Engineering Geology DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.08.007, Evans, S., Bishop, N., Fidel Smoll, L., Valderrama Murillo, P., Delaney, K., & Oliver-Smith, A. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In December of 1941, the residents of Huaraz, a Peruvian city in the Ancash region, were completely unaware that a retreating glacier tongue above their city would soon be responsible for wreaking havoc its people and claim thousands of the lives living within. Other kishlaks were destroyed by loess flowslides in the lower Obi-Kabud River valley and on the north side of the Surkhob River valley. and P.E. Some 1,221 people died and the barangay of Guinsagon was buried. It had a magnitude of 7.5 and triggered a series of landslides that together led to 7,200 deaths. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Social agitators claim that many people lost their lives mainly because the area did not have strict rules on the construction of homes, which allowed people to build homes on unstable ground. [2], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}391044N 705208E / 39.17889N 70.86889E / 39.17889; 70.86889. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. Costs are for different periods and are unadjusted for inflation; therefore, strict comparisons of data from different years should be avoided. Tectonic and gravity-induced deformation along the active TalasFergana Fault, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, Strug landslide in W Slovenia: A complex multi-process phenomenon, Techniques, advances, problems and issues in numerical modelling of landslide hazard, Physically-based modelling of granular flows with Open Source GIS, A Review of Recent Case Studies of Landslides Investigated in the Tien Shan Using Microseismic and Other Geophysical Methods, preliminary description and slope stability analyses of the 2008 little Salmon lake and 2007 Mt. Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 . Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Spatial Distribution. 3 What main factors cause landslides and floods? Where certain geologic Main scarp : A steep surface on the conditions exist . The paper re-evaluates the Khait landslide, and the other large slide that was triggered in the earthquake, providing a rational analysis of the likely impacts of the mass movements. """"", Bulletin of Engineering Geology and The Environment. 36, No. The landslide covered homes and left dozens missing . The areas worst affected were Manila . Erosion and undercutting of slopes by streams, rivers, glaciers, or waves increase slope angles and decrease slope stability. The exact number of lives lost to the landslides or the earthquake is not very clear but the horrific event that happened during the Chinese Civil War took at least 200,000 lives which makes it one of the worst disasters by death toll in China. Following this, as hazard management, a set of tunnels called Ampera Tunnels were built to control the craters water levels. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Our special thanks go to: Bakhtdavlatov Rahmonbek Davlatbekovich the first deputy chief of General Directorate for Geology under the Government of Tajikistan, Alisho Shomahmadov, Head of Inf. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. Most of the fatalities were caused by numerous landslides triggered by the earthquake. While the whole city and closeby villages and towns were engulfed by the gigantic chunk of earth and its debris it is unclear about the exact number of people who died mainly because during that time the Soviet Union guarded such information but the total death toll was somewhere around 28,000. To date however, it has been difficult to quantify the cost of landslide damage because of the variety and The improper development at the hillsides in these regions and also the lack of construction laws led to the cramped, possibly overpopulated settling in the risky hilly regions. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 883, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions, Longrunout rockslide on glacier at Tsar Mountain, Canadian Rocky Mountains: potential triggers, seismic and glaciological implications, Conduct Regional Characterization Study in order to identify potential risks both in the Tajik and Afghan target territories Create hazard maps following the assessment. A landslide near Cusco, Peru, in 2018. Monetary losses from landslides come from the destruction of infrastructure, homes and businesses; loss of life; disruption of transportation routes; disruption and contamination of water supplies; and the difficulty of both removing and stabilizing landslide material. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union.
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